Peer Reviewed Articles About Pom Wonderful and Its Benefit
Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 3: 100.
Potent wellness effects of pomegranate
Aida Zarfeshany
Physiology Enquiry Eye, Isfahan Cardiovascular Inquiry Found, Isfahan, Iran
Sedigheh Asgary
1Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Found, Isfahan, Islamic republic of iran
Shaghayegh Haghjoo Javanmard
Physiology Research Centre, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Islamic republic of iran
Received 2012 Sep 28; Accustomed 2012 Nov 13.
Abstruse
Accumulating data clearly claimed that Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) has several health benefits. Pomegranates tin assist prevent or treat diverse disease risk factors including high claret pressure, high cholesterol, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and inflammatory activities. Information technology is demonstrated that certain components of pomegranate such as polyphenols accept potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice is more than than that of reddish wine and green tea, which is induced through ellagitannins and hydrosable tannins. Pomegranate juice can reduce macrophage oxidative stress, free radicals, and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, pomegranate fruit extract prevents cell growth and induces apoptosis, which tin atomic number 82 to its anticarcinogenic effects. In addition, promoter inhibition of some inflammatory markers and their production are blocked via ellagitannins. In this article, we highlight different studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate and their suggested mechanisms of actions.
Keywords: Antioxidant, inflammatory activities, pomegranate
INTRODUCTION
Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) is a long-lived and drought-tolerant constitute. Arid and semiarid zones are popular for growing pomegranate trees. They are widely cultivated in Iran, India, and the Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Kingdom of spain, and Morocco.[i] However, pomegranate is categorized as a berry simply it belongs to its own botanical family, Punicaceae. The only genus is Punica, with one predominant species chosen P. granatum.[2]
The copse tin can grow up to thirty anxiety in pinnacle. The leaves are opposite, narrow, oblong with three-7 cm long and 2 cm broad. It has brilliant red, orange, or pink flowers, which are iii cm in diameter with iv to five petals. Edible fruit has a rounded hexagonal shape, with v-12 cm in diameter and weighing 200 g. The thick skin surrounds effectually 600 arils, which encapsulates the seeds.[3]
Chemical Limerick
Seed
About xviii% of stale and cleaned white seeds are oil. The oil is rich in punicic acrid (65%), which is a triple conjugated 18-carbon fatty acid [Effigy 1]. There are some phytoestrogen compounds in pomegranate seeds that have sexual practice steroid hormones similar to those in humankind. The 17-alpha-estradiol is a mirror-image version of estrogen.[3]
Chemical construction of punicic acrid (9Z,11E,13Z-octadeca- ix,eleven,13-trienoic acrid)
Juice and peel
Pomegranate juice is a good source of fructose, sucrose, and glucose. It likewise has some of the simple organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, fumaric acrid, and malic acid. In addition, it contains small amounts of all amino acids, specifically proline, methionine, and valine. Both the juice and peel are rich in polyphenols. The largest classes include tannins and flavonoids [Figure ii] that indicate pharmacological potential of pomegranate due to their strange antioxidative and preservative activities.[3]
(a) Flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1, 4-benzopyrone). (b) Tannic acrid
Ellagitannin is a type of tannins; it can be broken downwardly into hydroxybenzoic acid such as ellagic acid. It is widely used in plastic surgeries, which prevents peel flap's death due to its antioxidant activity. Ii other ellagitannins that are found in both pomegranate juice and peel are punicalagin and punicalin. Several classes of pomegranate flavonoids include anthocyanins, flavan three-ols, and flavonols. Pomegranate juice and pare take catechins with a high antioxidant action. They are essential compounds of anthocyanin's production with antioxidant and inflammatory role. Anthocyanins cause the crimson color of juice, which is not found in the pare. All pomegranate flavonoids show antioxidant activity with indirect inhibition of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).[iii]
Bark and roots
The pomegranate tree'southward bawl and roots are rich sources of chemicals called alkaloids. They are carbon-based substances; they were used to treat worms in the human gastrointestinal tract in traditional medicine.[iii]
Tabular array i Shows pomegranate's nutrient values for 100 g of raw edible portion[iv]
Tabular array one
Pomegranate's food values for 100 g of raw edible portion
Health furnishings
Prostate cancer
After lung cancer, the 2d leading cause of male cancer death is prostate cancer worldwide. Its progress before onset of symptoms is slow; therefore, pharmacological and nutritional interventions could affect the quality of patient's life past delaying its development.[v]
It was shown that pomegranate fruit could be used in the treatment of human prostate cancer considering it could inhibit jail cell growth and induce apoptosis.[6] It leads to consecration of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak) and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2).[half dozen] Moreover, the presence of NFκB and cell viability of prostate cancer cell lines has been inhibited when using pomegranate fruit extract, because it blocks NFκB.[7] Polyphenols of fermented juice and pomegranate oil can inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP (epithelial cell line derived from a human prostate carcinoma), PC-3, and DU145 human prostate cancer jail cell lines. These effects were the result of changes in cell bike distribution and apoptosis induction.[6] In addition, it is reported that pomegranate fruit extract oral administration in nude mice implanted with androgen-sensitive CWR22RV1 cells caused pregnant decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and inhibited tumor growth.[7] As well, the observed increase in NFκB activity during androgen dependence to androgen independence transition in the LAPC4 xenograft model was terminated.[eight]
Breast cancer
Fermented pomegranate juice has double the antiproliferative effect compared to fresh pomegranate juice in human chest cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-twelvemonth-one-time Caucasian woman) and MB-MDA-231. In addition, pomegranate seed oil caused ninety% prevention of proliferation of MCF-7 cells.[9,10]
Lung cancer
Pomegranate fruit excerpt tin inhibit several signaling pathways, which tin can exist used in the treatment of human lung cancer. Pathways include Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) PI3K/Akt and NFκB. In addition, there was a 4 day filibuster in the advent of tumors (from fifteen to nineteen days) in mice implanted with A549 cells.[10] These studies indicate the chemopreventive effects of pomegranate fruit extract.[iii]
Colon cancer
Adams et al.[eleven] have reported the anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice on the signaling proteins in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. Reduction in phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NFκB, its binding to the NFκB response, and 79% inhibition in TNF-α protein expression accept been observed with fifty mg/50 concentration of pomegranate excerpt.
Skin cancer
It has been demonstrated that pomegranate oil has chemopreventive efficacy in mice. Reduced tumor incidence (7%), decrease in tumor numbers, reduction in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity (17%), significant inhibition in elevated Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)-mediated peel edema and hyperplasia, poly peptide expression of ODC and COX-2, and epidermal ODC activity have been reported with pomegranate oil treatments.[12,thirteen] Pomegranate excerpt in various concentrations (5-sixty mg/L) was effective confronting UVA- and UVB-induced damage in SKU-1064 fibroblast cells of human being, which was relevant in reducing NFκB transcription, downregulating proapoptotic caspase-3, and elevating the G0/G1 stage associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair.[fourteen]
Cardiovascular diseases
Pomegranate juice is an affluent source of polyphenols with high antioxidative potential. Moreover, its antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory effects have been shown in limited studies in human and murine models.[fifteen]
Hypertension is the most common disease in primary intendance of patients. It is institute in comorbidity with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the majority of patients practise non tend to be medicated. Pomegranate juice prevents the action of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and reduces systolic blood force per unit area.[16] Angiotensin II acute subcutaneous administration causes increased blood pressure in diabetic Wistar rats. Information technology has been shown that pomegranate juice assistants (100 mg/kg) for four weeks could reduce the mean arterial blood pressure level.[17] Pomegranate juice consumption resulted in 30% decrease in carotid intima-media thickness after 1 year. The patient'south serum paraoxonase 1 (PON i) activity showed 83% increase, whereas both serum depression dwnsity lipoprotein (LDL) basal oxidative state and LDL susceptibility to copper ion significantly decreased by 90% and 95%, respectively.[xviii]
Punicic acrid, which is the main constituent of pomegranate seed oil, has antiatherogenic effects. In a study on 51 hyperlipidemic patients, pomegranate seed oil was administered twice a solar day (800 mg/mean solar day) for 4 weeks. There was a significant subtract in triglycerides (TG) and TG: High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio by 2.75 mmol/L and 5.7 mmol/L, respectively, whereas serum cholesterol, LDL-C, and glucose concentration remained unchanged.[xix]
Loftier plasma LDL concentration is the major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Therefore, LDL modifications, including oxidation, retention, and aggregation, play a key role in atherosclerosis too. Studies have shown that consuming pomegranate juice for 2 weeks resulted in declined retention and aggregation of LDL susceptibility and increased activity of serum paraoxonase (a protective lipid peroxidation esterase related to HDL) by 20% in humans. Pomegranate juice administration in mice for 14 weeks showed reduced LDL oxidation by peritoneal macrophages by more 90%, which was because of reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and superoxide release. The uptake of oxidized LDL showed xx% reduction in mice. The size of atherosclerotic lesions reduced by 44% after pomegranate juice supplementation.[xx] Moreover, pomegranate juice assistants to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with advanced atherosclerosis for 2 months reduced oxidized LDL (31%) and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux (39%).[21]
In cultured human endothelial cells and hypercholesterolemic mice, both pomegranate juice and fruit extract reduced the activation of ELK-1 and p-CREB (oxidation-sensitive responsive genes) and elevated the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. It is suggested that polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in pomegranate juice are responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis.[22]
In another report,[23] concentrated pomegranate juice was shown to reduce center disease risk factors. Administration of concentrated pomegranate juice to 22 diabetic type 2 patients with hyperlipidemia could significantly reduce TC, LDL-C, LDL-C: HDL-C ratio, and TC: HDL-C ratio. However, it was unable to decrease serum TG and HDL-C concentrations.
Oral assistants of pomegranate flower aqueous extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced albino Wistar rats in both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses for 21 days could significantly reduce fibrinogen (FBG), TC, TG, LDL-C, and tissue lipid peroxidation level and increased the level of HDL-C and glutathione content.[24]
Heart fibrosis increases among diabetics, which results in impairing cardiac function. Endothelin (ET)-1 and NFκB are interactive fibroblast growth regulators. It is suggested that pomegranate flower extract (500 mg/kg/day) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats could reduce the ratios of van Gieson-stained interstitial collagen deposit area to a full left ventricular area and perivascular collagen deposit areas to coronary artery media surface area in the heart and diminishes cardiac fibrosis in these rats. In addition, overexpressed cardiac fibronectin and collagen I and II messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were inhibited. It also decreased the upregulated cardiac mRNA expression of ET-i, ETA, inhibitor-κBβ, and c-jun. Pomegranate bloom extract is a dual activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and γ and improves hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and fatty heart in diabetic fatty Zucker rats.[25,26]
Punicic acid caused a dose-dependent increase in PPAR blastoff and gamma reporter activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Dietary punicic acid reduced plasma glucose, suppressed NFκB activation and unregulated TNF-α expression and PPAR-α/γ responsive genes in adipose tissue and skeletal musculus.[27]
Pomegranate leaf extract was administered (400 and 800 mg/kg/day) to high-fat-diet-induced obese and hyperlipidemic mouse models for 5 weeks. The results indicated meaning reduction in body weight, energy intake (based on nutrient intake), serum full cholesterol (TC), TG, FBG, and TC/HDL-C ratio. Abdominal fat assimilation was inhibited too.[28]
The high fat diet (HFD) with one% pomegranate seed oil (rich source of punicic acid) was administered for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance in mice. The pomegranate seed oil-fed grouping exhibited lower body weight (iv%) and body fat mass (3.1%) compared with just HFD-fed mice. A clear improvement was observed in peripheral insulin sensitivity (70%) in pomegranate seed oil-administered rats.[29]
Fatty liver is the virtually mutual abnormal liver office among diabetics. Pomegranate bloom was examined for its antidiabetic furnishings on diabetic type II and obese Zucker rats. Rats fed with 500 mg/kg/day of pomegranate flower extract for 6 weeks showed decreased ratio of liver weight to tibia length, lipid aerosol, and hepatic TG contents. In addition, it increased PPRA-α and Acyl-COA oxidase mRNA levels in HepG2 cells.[30]
In a study past de Nigris et al.,[31] they compared the influence of pomegranate fruit extract with pomegranate juice on nitric oxide and arterial function in obese Zucker rats. They have demonstrated that both pomegranate fruit extract and juice significantly reduced the vascular inflammatory markers expression, thrombospondin, and cytokine TGFP 1. Increased plasma nitrite and nitrate were observed with administration of either pomegranate fruit or juice.
Many studies accept reported the anti-inflammatory potential of pomegranate excerpt. In a study on 30 Sprague-Dawley rats with acute inflammation due to myringotomy, it was observed that 100 μl/mean solar day of pomegranate extract could significantly reduce reactive-oxygen species (ROS) levels. The extract was administered 1 mean solar day before and ii days later surgery. Reduced thickness of lamina propria and vessel density was reported likewise.[32] Both ellagitannins and ellagic acrid are the main components of pomegranate extract, which take anti-inflammatory properties. They are metabolized past gut microbiota to yield urolithins. Information technology is suggested that urolithins are the main components responsible for the anti-inflammation properties of pomegranate. It is suggested that NFκB activation, MAPK downregulation of COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression were inhibited through a subtract in PGE2 production.[33] Neutrophils play cardinal roles in inflammatory processes by releasing great amounts of ROS generated by NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase. It is indicated that punicic acrid exhibited a stiff anti-inflammatory issue via prevention of TNF-α-induced priming of NADPH oxidase by targeting the p38MAPKinase/Ser 345-p 47 phox-axis and releasing MPO.[34] Hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus, which is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Results suggested that pomegranate extract, owing to its polyphenol-rich antioxidants (oleanolic, ursolic, and gallic acids), could prevent cardiovascular complications through decrease in LDL, increase in HDL, serum paraoxonase 1 stability and activity, and nitric oxide production.[35,36,37]
Osteoarthritis
The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and its major progressive degenerative articulation disease, which could touch on joint functions and quality of life in patients. Information technology is mediated past proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α. MAPKs are important due to their inflammatory and cartilage damage regulation.[38] P38-MAPKs are responsible for regulating cytokine product, neutrophils activation, apoptosis, and nitric oxide synthesis. The MAPK family unit phosphorylates a number of transcription factors such as runt-related transcription gene-ii (RUNX-2).[39,40,41]
Pomegranate extract, with its rich source of polyphenols, can inhibit IL-1 β-induced activation of MKK3, Dna-binding activity of RUNX-two transcription factor, and p38 α-MAPK isoform.[38]
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects 0.5-1% of people worldwide. Women are affected more than than men. This inflammatory illness is characterized by inflammation and bone erosion.[38,39] Critical mediators in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis are TNF-α, IL-1 β, MCP1, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and COX-ii-agents, which are stimulated past p38-MAPK and NFκB activation.[42,43]
It is shown that pomegranate extract could reduce the onset and incidence of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Severity of arthritis, joint inflammation, and IL-6 level were significantly reduced in pomegranate extract-fed mice.[44]
Antimicrobial/fungal upshot
Since bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is increasing, medicinal plants take been considered every bit alternative agents. Pomegranate has been widely approved for its antimicrobial backdrop.[four,45,46] It has been shown that dried powder of pomegranate peel has a high inhibition of Candida albicans.[47] In addition, antimicrobial effects of both methanol and dichloromethane pomegranate extracts have been demonstrated on the Candida genus yeast as pathogen-causing disease in immunosuppressive host.[48] Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (multiple antibiotics resistant) produce panta valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, which can lead to college levels of morbidity and mortality.[49,l] It is indicated that a combination of pomegranate skin extract with Cu (II) ions showroom enhanced antimicrobial effects against isolated MSSA, MRSA, and PVL.[51] One of the leading etiological bacteria of urinary tract infections is Escherichia Coli. Stiff antibacterial activity of ethanol extract against E. coli has been shown.[52]
Skin
Solar ultraviolet radiation are the main causes of many biological effects such equally photoaging and peel cancer. These radiation resulted in Dna damage, protein oxidation, and matrix metalloproteinases induction. In one study, the effects of pomegranate juice, excerpt, and oil were examined against UVB-mediated damage. These products acquired a decrease in UVB-induced protein expression of c-Fos and phosphorylation of c-Jun.[53] On the other mitt, product of proinflammatory cytokines IL-i β and IL-half-dozen was decreased by topical awarding of 10 micromol/L of ellagic acid. The inflammatory macrophages infiltration was blocked in the integuments of SKH-1 hairless UVB-exposed mice for 8 weeks.[54]
Dental effects
The interbacterial coaggregations and these bacterial interactions with yeasts are related to the maintenance of oral microbiota. It is indicated that stale, powdered pomegranate peel shows a strong inhibition of C. albicans with a hateful zone of 22 mm.[55] In another written report, the antiplaque effect of pomegranate mouth rinse has been reported.[56] In addition, hydroalcoholic extract of pomegranate was very constructive against dental plaque microorganisms (84% decrease (cfu/ml)).[57]
Reproductive system
One of the main constituents (16%) of the methanolic pomegranate seed extract is beta-sitosterol. Information technology is suggested that the extract is a potent phasic activity stimulator in rat uterus, which happens due to the not-estrogenic furnishings of beta-sitosterol on inhibiting sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and Yard channel, which resulted in wrinkle by calcium entry on Fifty-type calcium channels and myosin calorie-free concatenation kinase (MLCK).[58] It is demonstrated that pomegranate fruit extract has an embryonic protective nature against adrianycin-induced oxidative stress (adrianycin is a chemotherapeutic drug used in cancer handling).[59] Moreover, pomegranate juice consumption could increment epididymal sperm concentration, motility, spermatogenic cell density, diameter of seminiferous tubules and germinal jail cell layer thickness.[threescore]
Alzheimer
Hartman et al.[61] showed that mice treated by pomegranate juice take l% less soluble Abeta 42 accumulation and amyloid deposition in the hippocampus, which could be considered for Alzheimer's disease comeback.
Malaria
In the presence of pomegranate fruit rind, the induced MMP-9 mRNA levels by haemozoin or TNF was decreased, which may exist attributed to the antiparasitic activity and the inhibition of the proinflammatory mechanisms responsible in the onset of cerebral malaria.[62,63]
HIV
The anti-HIV-i microbicide of pomegranate juice blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5, thereby preventing infection past chief virus clades A to G and group O.[64]
Wound healing
Use of pomegranate extract and flower showed significant reduction in wound area and increased the well-organized bands of collagen, fibroblasts, and few inflammatory cells.[65,66] Properties of elevated wound contraction and the period of epithelialization, collagen, and protein synthesis were reported in hydroalcoholic pomegranate extract.[67]
Mechanisms of action
Pomegranate tin induce its benign effects through its various metabolites. The antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic potentials of pomegranate are mainly relevant to the loftier polyphenol concentrations in pomegranate fruit such every bit ellagitannins and hydrolysable tannins.[68] COX-ane and COX-2 enzymes and IL-i β activity tin can exist inhibited by pomegranate fruit extract.[69]
It is suggested that pomegranate can antagonize the stimulation of mRNA of MMP-9 in THP-one/monocytes. The whole fruit and compounds inhibit TNF-induced MMP-ix promoter action.[41] Urolithins are metabolites that are metabolized by the homo abdominal microflora. These compounds decreased MMP-9 sretion and mRNA levels induced past HZ or TNF. It is suggested that ellagitannins are responsible for the command of excessive production of MMP-9, which could result in decreased production of noxious cytokine TNF.[lxx] TNF cytokines promote NFκB bounden to target sequences while inducing transcription of several genes such equally the MMP-nine gene.[71] Ellagitannins prevent NFκB promoter activity by blocking NFκB-driven transcription and affecting the entire cytokine cascade. Ellagitannins inhibit the activation of inflammatory pathways such every bit MAPK.[40] In improver, pomegranate compounds could inhibit angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth gene in cancers.[4]
Drug interactions involving pomegranate
Therapeutic benefits of pomegranate in various diseases would atomic number 82 to an increase in its consumption.[72] It is important that pomegranate consumption does not touch the oral bioavailability of drugs.[73]
A study on human liver microsomes has shown the inhibitory effect of pomegranate juice on CYP2CP (a cistron that codes for an enzyme to break downwards warfarin in the body) and increased bioavailability of tolbutamide (substrate for CYP2CP) in rats. Moreover, information technology is suggested that pomegranate may inhibit cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A)-mediated carbamazepine metabolism.[4,74,75]
Pomegranate condom
Many studies have been carried out on the unlike components derived from pomegranate just no adverse effects have been reported in the examined dosage. Histopathological studies on both sexes of OF-ane mice confirmed the non-toxic furnishings of the polyphenol antioxidant punicalagin. Besides, in a study on 86 overweight human subjects who received 1420 mg/day of pomegranate fruit extract in tablet course for 28 days, no side effects or agin changes in urine or blood of individuals were reported.[four,76]
Products and supplementation
Autonomously from fruit, pomegranate is available in various forms such as bottled juice (fresh or concentrated), powdered capsules, and tablets, which are derived from seed, fermented juice, pare, leafage and flower, gelatin capsules of seed oil extracts, dry or drinkable tea from leaves or seeds, and other food productions such as jams, jellies, sauces, salad dressings, and vinegars. Anardana, which is the powdered course of pomegranate seed, is used as a course of spice.[3]
CONCLUSION
Pomegranate is a stiff antioxidant. This fruit is rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins, alkaloids, fructose, sucrose, glucose, simple organic acids, and other components and has antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory backdrop. Pomegranate tin can exist used in the prevention and handling of several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. In addition, it improves wound healing and is beneficial to the reproductive system. Pomegranate can induce its benign furnishings through the influence of its various bioavailable constituents and metabolites on gene expression. Although many in vitro, animal and clinical trials accept been carried out to examine and prove the therapeutic effects of these compounds, further human trials and studies are necessary to sympathise the therapeutic potentials of pomegranate.
Footnotes
Source of Back up: Zip
Conflict of Involvement: None declared.
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